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Plj  d* `S`S@(%P@$@(YԤ/@ xVzNdrgoQG[ѻڣ T6AɓGvL_ƨy%Zzt?z 5b?9*90f<&D P#  4$ `_`ߔ@ (A @!@"M7G@ ܆cpwRU8%ꌦ\ؾ 2[GO6EH͖JN6N!J)ʰMy\|F P| 1!(QcV p k|QlII|xʍpr&K߿5)TtCO37GۧdJuv [ם%$YZOtuuƞ́y4!x5sč @P3G @A @A@*@5sč @P3G @A @A@*F0uNŇS +78=`[c <qyx?&gsϬh}ꏂRQ7C xscW/YDF'7Όx'@.%qf@; w)! @3  PK !n(nN >5Cs,۔sGkIЙύ{Ў'품䏧0bFeIn}/Ŗ]I8V"Hw6@h6 @` =*@3m@@zTУg 5@֔˔wһ~C~үYSx(mxM*$%ѭV:涺$i"QS單zV<_c3 L X@_(d8@ "@%ā88g8@ / @@χ@2 f @l2|@P4CbĖQdd  2@  #@(e (h&@-(@E3@ 6 @le> @F @F(! Pb(A2 P2B M[F Qf @l2|@P4CbĖQdd  2@  #@aEWIENDB`z8    ?  %1<Migration policy in Latvia: fears, trade-offs and solutions 0=;'<  1Dace Akule, European policy researcher, PROVIDUS224  '      " BNot accurate to associate emigration with EU accession only because emigration has been a strategy of people s everyday politics since 90s. Resistance to the form of government, for example, co-modification of social services, education and transformation in labour market during the process of transition. Lack of social and economic security as guaranteed by the state. Manifestation of ethical reasoning  protest against low political responsibility, corruption, populism and inefficiency in the output of policy. Silent form of resistance  silent emigration. Remaining in emigration is a conscious political claim for ones respect of rights  a particular resistance to state government. 6eane, I.,  Governmentality and Labour Migration: The Case of Latvian Labor Migrants in Ireland , MA thesis, 2008 Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg i. Br. (Germany) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (South Africa) ZZ$"r0     *  .    '      H"        "  "       H"      H"   & Two main pull factors: impressive economic growth and salaries that attract migrant workers from countries with lower income, labour shortages due to large outflow of labour from Latvia. For many migrant workers Latvia is not the first destination of migration and also not the first choice due to better income possibilities in other European countries. Relative geographical proximity to home country, as well as cultural and linguistic affinity and the possibility to communicate in Russian. As a result of restrictive migration policy Latvia s labour market is not easily accessible for third country nationals due to the cumbersome employment procedures. That also is a push factor for illegal migration that is increasing in the last years. IOM report about the challenges of Belarus, Moldavian and Ukrainian citizens in the labour markets and society of Latvia expected in May 2008.ZZZgg g =g g  $g$((,g,00S0G000 0G00030G0Y0000 g     H"   ! Slight positive tendencies in public opinion in the last years. In 2005 (SKDS) attitudes towards possible immigrants are  very negative or  rather negative - 69.8% of respondents. In 2007 (SKDS) 62.1% of respondents had  very negative and  rather negative attitudes towards guest workers, indicating a decrease in negative attitudes. The proportion of respondents with  very positive and  rather positive attitudes towards immigrants grew by 6.9% (16.3% in 2005, 23.2% in 2007). Two reasons: pressure from employers to introduce more liberal regulations for the recruitment of third-country nationals, increased understanding of the general public about the local labour shortages that have been visible in the last years. r SDAGNg g gGG^g  -$g$((,g,004g488 >\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> $(    6 (2!(2A:'e ' I'      =  G    8XH p 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B + 0 P<P(  < <  A ?5% ??"``    < 6 ?@z zWhy? Better paid jobs in other EU countries, Better working conditions: relations between employer and employee, better worker rights protection, Social security and stability, Better opportunities for education and employment. Where? Biggest groups in UK, Ireland (English). Commuting from Estonia to Finland. Problem: Many people with higher education and qualification work in low-skilled sectors, a bank clerk picking strawberries. 2! 2 2Nur  R   t H < 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +t 0 $@(  r  S  `     A ?5% ??"``   H  0޽h ? 33 0 ` 4f(  4x 4 c $D `   4  A ?5% ??"``    4 6= ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2SD  4 6\C ? 6rCommon problems: Demographics  90s was the  anti-baby boom age , very low birth rates. Today Baltic countries still have one of the lowest birth rates in the EU. Aging populations Emigration: citizens using their right to freedom of movement, not finding enough attractive work places at home. Labour shortages: unemployment levels decrease. The return rate will not compensate for the large outflow of labour in the next decade. j 2! 2OA' _"` Y H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +=  0 T L p@(  @ @  A ?5% ??"``    @ 6 U ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  @ 6@X ? 4 Labour shortages: Latvia 2-3% of Latvian companies felt shortage of labour in 2004, 13-20% felt the shortage of qualified workers. According to research of 2007, biggest shortages are felt in construction sector, mining industry, manufacturing (similar tendencies in Lithuania and Estonia) In 20% of cases when new workers are hired in construction sector, lower qualifications (education and experience) are accepted, in comparison to their predecessors. Researchers have estimated that larger or smaller labour shortages will be felt in 86-112 of 120 professions. Many people  re-qualifying to better paid professions, e.g. teachers becoming painters. 20,000 vacancies available in 2007.  2! 2 2.  H @ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B + 0 h(  x  c $<\ `     A ?5% ??"``     6l ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2   6to ?@!  8Hoping: for the return of Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians, Labour shortages solved by internal resources, Replacement of workers with technologies. h 2! 2 2G  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +  0 H(  r  S + `     A ?5% ??"``     6 ?j &<Immigration Lithuania: In 2005 only 12,5% of residence permits issued were given to economic migrants. There is an increase in economic migration since 2001 when 9% of residence permits were issued to migrant workers, 6% in 2002, 8% in 2003 and 15% in 2004. Most migrants work in biggest cities and regions with industrial enterprises, working in industry, ship building, transport, services and construction. Unsurprisingly, 95% of migrants are male. Estonia: 745 residence permits issued for migrant workers. But employers want to invite 1500 workers per year. Migratory flows are regulated by a quota  0.05% of Estonia s permanent inhabitants can be migrants.  2! 2 2    H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B += 0 TLD(  Dx D c $$ `   D  A ?5% ??"``    D 6 ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  D 6 ? Immigration: Latvia Approximately 2000 foreigners came to Latvia to work in 2005, 2400 in 2006, 4040 in 2007, Most of migrants come from Russia, Ukraine and Moldova. Most of them male, due to the sectors where they work in. The number of illegal migrants increases: 86 detained illegal migrants in 2004, 112 in 2006, The number of irregular migrant workers increases: 28 detained irregular migrant workers in 2005, 131 in 2006, 101 in 2007  (2!(2 (2!(2 2 n  8XH D 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +t 0 $(  r  S |@Ps     A ?5% ??"``   H  0޽h ? 33  0  H(  Hx H c $ܚ `   H  A ?5% ??"``    H 6 ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  H 6 ?p1 `rPublic opinion: Latvia In 2003 Latvians had the most hostile opinions against foreigners in the EU. Research in 2004 found that people fear tensions between ethnic groups and social dissatisfaction. European Citizens Consultations in 2007 gathered randomly selected people from all regions, different professions, education, who agreed that they expect controlled immigration and emigration. Similar attitudes towards emigration from Baltic countries in the ECC results of the other states. Research has found that Latvians behave as the endangered majority.  2!! 2 2 &FG 8  H H 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +0 0*(  r  S H"  x  BA? ??"`` H  0޽h ? 33z 0 *"(  x  c $|q `     A ?5% ??"``   qH  0޽h ? 333  0 J B L (  Lx L c $L `   L  A ?5% ??"``    L 6q ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  L 6\> ?(bZR___PPT94, @ Migration concept in the context of employment (Ministry of Interior) suggests three solutions: Not changing the existing strict immigration policy, according to which the procedure to invite workers from third countries is long and expensive. State fee of 35 LVL a month for the employment of one foreign worker. 170 LVL for work permit and residency permit. 3-6 months to complete the paper work. Procedures in Lithuania and Estonia are quicker and less expensive. Decrease state fees and easing the bureaucratic procedure for inviting migrant workers, In addition to easier procedure and smaller fees, lay out criteria for  emergency situations when quotas of specific professions could be filled on easier conditions. But these migrants would be able to stay for a short term, no family reunification rights. This government paper was expected to be adopted in 2007, has not been done. d 2! 2! 2P 2SY N  8XH L 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +t 0 $P(  r  S pq      A ?5% ??"``   qH  0޽h ? 33 0 P(  P P  A ?5% ??"``    P 6> ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2SD 6 P 6л> ?`: Prejudices: Migrants may not be loyal to employer in the long term, Latvia could only be a transit country to enter other EU states with higher income levels, Hopes that migrant workers will be highly qualified are not grounded, More liberal immigration policy would  threaten national identity , lead to ghetto suburbs where migrants would live, with higher unemployment and crime rates. t (3332|! 2 2 {  8XH P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +  0   T(  Tx T c $/ `   T  A ?5% ??"``    T 6<'> ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  T 6)> ?Z  n Assumptions about integration problems: country will have to invest in the integration of migrant workers or the fighting of consequences of unsuccessful integration. Legal migrants pay taxes, contribute to country s GDP and new work places being created, therefore expenses connected to integration policies are justified. Problems with the integration of immigrants stem from unsuccessful integration policies that governments have adopted, Assumptions are based on the assessment about the integration of Russian speaking minority  immigrants won t learn Latvian, will increase the use of Russian language. X (2!(2(@ i 8XH T 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B + 0 X(  Xx X c $h `   X  A ?5% ??"``    X 6T> ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2  X 6S> ?`  h What is missing? Human rights discourse: human rights to live where one chooses Data about the migrant workers already working in Latvia, Economic reasons for migration, Discussions about the trade-off between no immigration and slower economic growth to reach average EU income level OR more liberal immigration policy, Not discussing the main reasons for the hostile public opinion against immigrants.  2! 2 (26T  8XH X 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +z 0 *"(  x  c $@m> ` >    A ?5% ??"``   >H  0޽h ? 33  0   \2 (  \x \ c $6> ` >  \  A ?5% ??"``   > \ 6> ?P0D<4___PPT9 N$! 2 h \ 6@o ?@`0 Recommendations: Need to start a wide debate about the negative attitudes towards immigrants, Stop focusing on whether  we need migrants and work to establish integration policies because migrants are already living in our societies, they are largely invisible and unprotected because of the lack of policy in this field. Need to learn from the integration of Russian speaking minority, as well as the experience of other EU countries, Terminology  new immigrants imply the existence of  old immigrants (Latvia and Estonia), excluding 35% of Latvia s population, Need to learn appreciating all human resources available in the country. (2N!(2 >!(2 q6a  > 8XH \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.iu+D=' = @B +r@euX V J»'9yo!0b&F)++1Oh+'0d `hx  Slide 1Lindaas103152Microsoft Office PowerPoint@p~@'i@`- Ghg  ,V'&" WMFC <8